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China has the largest rare earth reserves in the world. NdFeB is one of the strongest magnetic materials found in the world. Its magnetic properties are 10 times higher than those of previously widely used ferrite. It is nearly twice as high as the second generation rare earth magnet (samarium cobalt permanent magnet). It uses &quot;iron&quot; instead of &quot;cobalt&quot; as the raw material, reducing dependence on scarce strategic materials, significantly reducing costs, and making possible the widespread application of rare earth permanent magnets. NdFeB is an ideal material for manufacturing efficient, miniaturized and lightweight magnetic functional devices and will have a revolutionary impact on many application fields.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Due to my country&#39;s advantages in rare earth raw material resources, China has become the world&#39;s largest supplier of NdFeB magnetic materials, accounting for about 85% of the world&#39;s output. Let&rsquo;s discuss the application fields of NdFeB products.<br /> <br /> <strong>1.Traditional cars</strong><br /> The application of high-performance NdFeB in traditional automobiles is mainly concentrated in the fields of EPS and micromotors. The EPS electronic power steering system can provide the power-assisted effect of the electric motor at different vehicle speeds, ensuring that the car is light and flexible when turning at low speeds and stable and reliable when turning at high speeds. EPS has high requirements on the performance, weight and volume of permanent magnet motors, because the permanent magnet materials in EPS are mainly high-performance NdFeB magnets, mainly sintered NdFeB.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> In addition to the starter that starts the engine in the car, other electric motors distributed throughout the car are micro motors. NdFeB permanent magnet material has excellent performance and is used to manufacture motors with the advantages of small size, light weight, high efficiency and energy saving. In the past, automotive micromotors were used only as components in wipers, windshield washers, electric oil pumps, automatic antennas, and more. The number of power supplies is relatively small. Today&#39;s cars pursue comfort and automatic control, and micro motors have become an indispensable part of modern cars. Sunroof motors, seat adjustment motors, seat belt motors, electric antenna motors, fender cleaning motors, cooling fan motors, air conditioning motors, electric water pumps, etc. all require micromotors.<br /> <img alt="" src="//qiniu.digood-assets-fallback.work/996/1710299046_3.jpg" style="width: 50%;" /><br /> <br /> <strong>2. New energy vehicles</strong><br /> <br /> NdFeB permanent magnet material is one of the main functional materials for new energy vehicles. NdFeB material has excellent performance and is used to manufacture motors. It can realize &quot;NdFeB technology&quot; on automobile motors. In terms of automobiles, only by using small motors can we reduce the weight of the car, improve safety, reduce exhaust emissions, and improve the overall performance of the car. NdFeB magnetic materials are more widely used in new energy vehicles. Each hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) consumes about 1KG more NdFeB magnets than a conventional car. In pure electric vehicles (EVs), rare earth permanent magnet motors replace traditional power generation. The secret lies in the use of about 2KG of NdFeB.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="//qiniu.digood-assets-fallback.work/996/1710299106_4.jpg" style="width: 50%;" /><br /> <br /> <strong>3. Aerospace field</strong><br /> <br /> Rare earth permanent magnet motors are mainly used in various electrical systems on aircraft. The electric braking system is a drive system that uses an electric motor as a brake. Widely used in aircraft flight control systems, environmental control systems, braking systems, fuel and starting systems. Since rare earth permanent magnets have excellent magnetic properties, no additional energy is required to establish a strong permanent magnetic field after magnetization. The rare earth permanent magnet motor made by replacing the electric field of the traditional motor is not only highly efficient, but also has a simple structure, reliable operation, small size and light weight. Not only can it achieve high performance that traditional excitation motors cannot achieve (such as ultra-high efficiency, ultra-high speed, ultra-high response speed).<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="//qiniu.digood-assets-fallback.work/996/1710299159_5.jpg" style="width: 50%;" /><br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>4.Other transportation fields (high-speed rail, subway, maglev train, tram)</strong><br /> <br /> In 2015, China&rsquo;s &ldquo;Permanent Magnet High-Speed Railway&rdquo; was successfully put into trial operation. After adopting the rare earth permanent magnet synchronous traction system, due to the direct drive of the permanent magnet motor, it has high energy conversion efficiency, stable speed, low noise, small size, light weight and reliability. Many other features reduce the power of the original 8-car train from 6 to 4, thereby saving the cost of the 2-car traction system, improving the train traction efficiency, and saving at least 10% of electricity. , reducing the whole life cycle cost of the train. After the subway uses NdFeB rare earth permanent magnet traction motors, the system noise during low-speed operation is significantly lower than that of asynchronous motors.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="//qiniu.digood-assets-fallback.work/996/1710299192_6.jpg" style="width: 50%;" /><br /> <br /> <br /> <strong>5.Wind power generation</strong><br /> <br /> In an era of increasing energy stress, converting wind energy into electricity is receiving policy support from governments around the world. Wind power is a power generation method that converts wind energy into electrical energy through wind turbines. It is currently the main way to utilize wind energy. As a clean, low-carbon renewable resource, wind power is actively developing in more than 80 countries around the world. In the field of wind power, high-performance NdFeB is mainly used in direct drive, semi-drive and high-speed permanent magnet wind turbines. It uses the fan impeller to directly drive the generator to rotate. It is characterized by permanent magnet excitation, no excitation winding, and no slip rings and brushes on the rotor. Therefore, the structure is simple and the work is reliable. The use of high-performance neodymium iron boron reduces the weight of wind turbines and increases efficiency. Currently, a 1MW unit uses about 1 ton of NdFeB. With the rapid growth of the wind power industry, the amount of NdFeB used in wind turbines will also increase rapidly.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="//qiniu.digood-assets-fallback.work/996/1710299276_7.jpg" style="width: 50%;" /><br /> <br /> <strong>6.Consumer electronics</strong><br /> <br /> <strong>Mobile phone</strong><br /> <br /> High-performance NdFeB is an indispensable high-end accessory component in smartphones. The electroacoustic part of smartphones (miniature microphones, micro speakers, Bluetooth headsets, high-fidelity stereo headsets), vibration motors, camera focusing and even sensor applications, wireless charging and other functions all require the strong magnetic properties of NdFeB.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="//qiniu.digood-assets-fallback.work/996/1710299366_8.jpg" style="width: 50%;" /><br /> <br /> <strong>VCM</strong><br /> <br /> Voice coil motor (VCM) is a special form of direct drive motor that can directly convert electrical energy into linear motion mechanical energy. The principle is to place a circle of barrel winding in a uniform air gap magnetic field. The winding is energized to generate electromagnetic force, which drives the load to perform linear reciprocating motion. By changing the intensity and polarity of the current, the magnitude and direction of the electromagnetic force can be changed. VCM has the advantages of high response, high speed, high acceleration, simple structure, small size, good force characteristics, and good controllability. VCM is mostly used as a disk head in hard disk drives (HDD) to provide movement and is an important core component of HDD.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="//qiniu.digood-assets-fallback.work/996/1710299429_9.jpg" style="width: 50%;" /><br /> <br /> <strong>Inverter air conditioner</strong><br /> <br /> Inverter air conditioners use microcontrol to change the operating frequency of the compressor within a certain range. By changing the frequency of the input voltage, the rotation speed of the motor is controlled, causing the exhaust volume of the compressor to change, thereby changing the circulation flow of the refrigerant. Change the cooling capacity or heat supply of the air conditioner to adjust the ambient temperature. Therefore, compared with fixed-frequency air conditioners, variable-frequency air conditioners are more efficient, energy-saving, and environmentally friendly. Because NdFeB has better magnetism than ferrite, it has better energy-saving and environmental protection effects, and is more suitable for use in inverter air conditioner compressors.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="//qiniu.digood-assets-fallback.work/996/1710299491_10.jpg" style="width: 50%;" /><br /> <br /> <strong>Other consumer electronic devices and smart homes.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="//qiniu.digood-assets-fallback.work/996/1710299529_11.jpg" style="width: 50%;" /><br /> <br /> Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Manufacturing</strong><br /> <br /> Artificial intelligence and smart manufacturing are attracting more and more attention. Intelligent robots have become the core technology for mankind to transform the world, and the drive motor is the core component of the robot. Inside the drive system, micro-NdFeB is everywhere. According to data, permanent magnet servo motors and NdFeB permanent magnet motors are the current mainstream robot motors. Servo motors, controllers, sensors and reducers are the core components of robot control systems and automation products. The joint activities of the robot are realized by driving motors, which require a very large power-to-mass ratio and torque-to-inertia ratio, high starting torque, low inertia, and a smooth and wide speed range. In particular, the actuator (gripper) at the end of the robot should use a small and light motor as much as possible; when fast response is required, the drive motor must also have a large short-term overload capacity; higher reliability and stability are the key to the drive motor It is a prerequisite for industrial robot applications, so rare earth permanent magnet motors are most suitable.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="//qiniu.digood-assets-fallback.work/996/1710299572_12.jpg" style="width: 50%;" /><br /> <br /> <strong>Medical equipment</strong><br /> <br /> In the medical field, the emergence of NdFeB magnets has promoted the development and miniaturization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Permanent magnet RMI-CT MRI equipment used to use ferrite permanent magnets, and the magnets weighed 50 tons. After using NdFeB permanent magnet material, each MRI machine only requires 0.5 tons-3 tons of permanent magnets, but the magnetic field intensity can be doubled, greatly improving image clarity. Moreover, NdFeB permanent magnet equipment has the advantages of occupying the smallest space, least magnetic flux leakage, and lowest operating cost.<br /> <br /> Medical robots and rehabilitation robots can help patients receive scientific and precise treatment. High-performance, highly integrated brushless DC motors are key components of motor-driven joints in rehabilitation robots and require high-performance, high-temperature-resistant neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnet materials.<br /> <br /> <img alt="" src="//qiniu.digood-assets-fallback.work/996/1710299625_13.jpg" style="width: 50%;" />

The production process of NdFeB permanent magnets mainly includes batching, alloy smelting, hydrogen crushing, airflow grinding, magnetic field orientation molding, isostatic pressing, oil stripping and sintering. Afterwards, machining and electroplating are carried out according to the required shape and use occasion.<br /> The raw material metal neodymium is easily oxidized and is usually stored in mineral oil, so it often needs to be properly cleaned and oxide scale removed before smelting. The boron element is added in the form of a boron-iron alloy. In order to improve the various properties of materials, other elements are often added. After the batching is completed, induction melting is performed, and argon gas is used for protection during the melting process.&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Due to the high melting point of iron, the iron rod is finally melted into the alloy liquid, refined, and then cast out of the furnace after standing still for a period of time to obtain a NdFeB alloy ingot.<br /> In the production process of NdFeB materials, powdering is an important process step. Commonly used pulverizing processes are hydrogen crushing and jet milling. According to the hydrogen absorption characteristics of rare earth intermetallic compounds, when the NdFeB alloy is placed in a hydrogen atmosphere, a hydrogen absorption reaction will occur, causing the alloy volume to expand. Since the elongation of NdFeB alloy is almost zero and the fracture strength is low, the alloy will break after absorbing hydrogen. The neodymium-rich phase first absorbs hydrogen, and the neodymium-rich phase is distributed at the boundary of the main phase Nd2Fe14B. Therefore, after hydrogenation, intergranular fracture is generally performed, and single crystal particles of Nd2Fe14B are obtained.<br /> <br /> After preparing the required NdFeB alloy powder, the NdFeB permanent magnet forming process can be carried out. Select the appropriate mold according to the needs of the product and perform compression molding under a magnetic field. The theoretical density of NdFeB magnet is 7.55g/cm3, so the blank density needs to be 4.5~5.3 g/cm3. In the actual production process, its density is often lower than the required density.<br /> <br /> The sintering process is to heat the blank produced by the molding process to the melting point of the main phase (Tsintering=0.70~0.85Tmelting) and keep it warm for a period of time. The density of NdFeB materials will increase significantly during the sintering process. At the same time, the internal components of the grains are further homogenized, the particle gaps are reduced, the contact properties between powder particles are improved, and the strength is increased, allowing the material to achieve microstructural characteristics with high permanent magnetic properties. After sintering, the density of the billet increases and the remanence increases, but the coercive force and magnetic energy product are not enough. Further tempering is usually required. At the effective temperature, the neodymium-rich phase isolates the main phase particles and forms a good microstructure that is conducive to high coercive force. Sintered NdFeB magnets usually require further machining and surface treatment to meet the needs of practical applications.<br /> <br /> A certain amount of scrap or waste products will be generated in each link of the production process of NdFeB magnets, mainly including: raw material loss generated in the pretreatment process of raw materials, and severely oxidized NdFeB produced during the induction melting process.&nbsp;<br /> Waste materials, ultrafine powder produced during the pulverizing process, oxidized powder produced due to exposure to air during the pulverizing process, some slightly oxidized NdFeB lumps produced during the sintering process, and machining processes A large amount of leftover materials generated in the process and unqualified products during the surface treatment process, etc.<br /> <br /> It can be seen that the recycling of NdFeB materials or waste materials can not only realize the recycling of rare earth elements, but also is a need for actual production. Through the recycling of NdFeB waste, the utilization rate of rare earth elements can be improved, reflecting relatively significant economic benefits and environmental responsibility.